Just Finished Reading: Global Economic History – A Very Short Introduction by Robert C Allen (FP: 2011) [147pp] 

Much like the movement of people, indeed the movement of whole peoples, trade including global trade has a very long history. The Roman Empire traded directly with India and, no doubt, other world empires had similar trading arrangements. But it was only in the 16th century that regular trade in quantity emerged as a factor in global history. With the search for a quicker and more profitable source of spice the Portuguese (to begin with) sought ways to bypass the expensive Spice Road and go directly to the source. Opening up trading posts along the way they began carving out the first global empire. Other European powers were not long behind with Spain, the Dutch, French and finally the British expanding their reach and the reach of global trade itself to every continent on Earth. Empires would rise and fall bolstered or destroyed by changes in global trading patterns. Items, such as pepper and sugar, which had once been affordable only by the rich dropped dramatically in price but still made their traders vast fortunes. Before long everything that could be traded was traded – from cotton to slaves, from tea to opium. A countries economy could be made or broken by the arrival of a fleet of ships off the coast. Some countries became the bread-baskets of faraway empires whilst others, willing and able to practice European style economics, became local powerhouses themselves. Global trade and global history became inseparable. 

As a useful foundation for a knowledge of global economic history this definitely lived up to the reputation of the Very Short Introduction series. Through my other readings I was already familiar with the highlights covered here but was particularly intrigued by the authors analysis of why some countries are rich and why others stay poor. Much of it seems to be timings with Europe getting ‘lucky’ by a combination of readily available resources – especially coal – and a culture that required rapid innovation to maintain profits in a high-wage economy. I think I grasped the basics of this idea but will see if I can follow up with some other readings. From what I understood it certainly made sense but then I do sometimes struggle getting my head around economic theory! 

If you’ve ever wondered about certain aspects of economic history – especially on a global scale – but didn’t know where to start reading about it, this is a pretty good choice to do so. Obviously covering 5-600 years in less that 150 pages means it's all very high level but it does give the flavour of things and points out areas of further study – helped, as always, by a decent bibliography. Recommended and more VSI books to come. 

Just Finished Reading: Hardboiled America – Lurid Paperbacks and the Masters of Noir by Geoffrey O’Brien (FP: 1981/1997) [175pp] 

I was a fan of hardboiled detective fiction long before I read my first book of the genre. I had grown up watching the classic Noir films of the 40’s and 50’s care of my father's love of them. Strangely I actually started reading the novels in my 20’s after I stumbled upon Cyberpunk and the works of William Gibson, specifically the ‘Sprawl Trilogy’ starting off with Neuromancer. The blurb on the back of the book labelled Gibson as the Sci-Fi answer to Raymond Chadler so I felt compelled to check him out. I’m actually amazed at not doing so previously. Films such as The Big Sleep have remained in my Top List for the last 40+ years so it came as no great surprise that I immediately fell in love with the books too. Naturally after Chandler I moved on to James M Cain, Dashiell Hammett and others. Although checking through the hardboiled checklist at the back of this book I see that there are many novels and many authors awaiting to be sampled. 

Regular readers of this Blog will no doubt be aware of my love of pulp fiction covers. One of the delights in this slim volume is the authors attention given to the artists who produced this seemingly endless supply of the iconic artwork as well as numerous examples sprinkled throughout its pages – unfortunately only in black & white but you can’t have everything. Generally, as with the music I enjoy, I know very little indeed about the producers of the fiction I enjoy so much. I’ve never really been interested in the personal lives of authors or musicians (or artists etc..) and would rather enjoy the books, records or movies I like without know anything about them. Part of that is I’m not that interested in other people's lives and I don’t think that knowing if an author is a dog or cat person or how many times they’ve been divorced would enhance my reading pleasure, and to be honest some authors/artists are just not very nice people and I’d just rather not know. That said, I did find some of the authors insights into my favourite noir authors rather illuminating – especially as to what they thought of each other! Raymond Chandler was especially outspoken. 

Overall, this was a highly entertaining and informative read. I do love my Noir in all its forms and this book has inspired me to dive back into the genre. The checklist in the back, running from 1929 to 1960 will certainly help focus my attention and I might even slip in a few books about the phenomena too. Definitely recommended for all Noir fans. 

Oh, the absolute irony......

Definitely a Keeper!!

Happy Birthday: Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton CVO OBE (15 February 1874 – 5 January 1922) was an Anglo-Irish Antarctic explorer who led three British expeditions to the Antarctic. He was one of the principal figures of the period known as the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration.

Born in Kilkea, County Kildare, Ireland, Shackleton and his Anglo-Irish family moved to Sydenham in suburban south London when he was ten. Shackleton's first experience of the polar regions was as third officer on Captain Robert Falcon Scott's Discovery Expedition of 1901–1904, from which he was sent home early on health grounds, after he and his companions Scott and Edward Adrian Wilson set a new southern record by marching to latitude 82°S. During the Nimrod Expedition of 1907–1909, he and three companions established a new record Farthest South latitude of 88°23′ S, only 97 geographical miles (112 statute miles or 180 kilometres) from the South Pole, the largest advance to the pole in exploration history. Also, members of his team climbed Mount Erebus, the most active Antarctic volcano. On returning home, Shackleton was knighted for his achievements by King Edward VII.

After the race to the South Pole ended in December 1911, with Roald Amundsen's conquest, Shackleton turned his attention to the crossing of Antarctica from sea to sea, via the pole. To this end, he made preparations for what became the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1914–1917. The expedition was struck by disaster when its ship, Endurance, became trapped in pack ice and finally sank in the Weddell Sea off Antarctica on 21 November 1915. The crew escaped by camping on the sea ice until it disintegrated, then by launching the lifeboats to reach Elephant Island and ultimately the South Atlantic island of South Georgia, enduring a stormy ocean voyage of 720 nautical miles (1,330 km; 830 mi) in Shackleton's most famous exploit. He returned to the Antarctic with the Shackleton–Rowett Expedition in 1921 but died of a heart attack while his ship was moored in South Georgia. At his wife's request, he remained on the island and was buried in Grytviken cemetery. The wreck of Endurance was discovered just over a century after Shackleton's death.

Away from his expeditions, Shackleton's life was generally restless and unfulfilled. In his search for rapid pathways to wealth and security, he launched business ventures which failed to prosper, and he died heavily in debt. Upon his death, he was lauded in the press but was thereafter largely forgotten, while the heroic reputation of his rival Scott was sustained for many decades. Later in the 20th century, Shackleton was "rediscovered", and he became a role model for leadership in extreme circumstances. In his 1956 address to the British Science Association, one of Shackleton's contemporaries, Sir Raymond Priestley, said: "Scott for scientific method, Amundsen for speed and efficiency[,] but[,] when disaster strikes and all hope is gone, get down on your knees and pray for Shackleton", paraphrasing what Apsley Cherry-Garrard had written in a preface to his 1922 memoir The Worst Journey in the World. In 2002, Shackleton was voted eleventh in a BBC poll of the 100 Greatest Britons.