Just Finished Reading: The Beats – A Very Short Introduction by David Sterritt (FP: 2013) [108pp] 

I've encountered 'The Beats' on many occasions over the years – in movies, cultural histories and novels - and have even read a few things by them most notably On The Road by Jack Kerouac and, more recently, a booklet of poetry by Allen Ginsberg but have never really read anything about them until now. 

My initial thought that they were essential a precursor to the 'Hippies' on the late 1960's and into the 70's wasn't too far off the mark. The Beats were certainly rebels of their post-WW2 era and talked about and practiced 'free love' and drug use (although this was pre-LSD so the drugs of choice tended to be marijuana, cocaine and heroin) as well as breaking the taboo around homosexuality. The difference in their radical outlook from the Hippies that followed in their wake was that Beatniks tended to be more inward looking and less 'revolutionary' whilst Hippies tended to be much more political and looked to change society in general. 

Naturally this slim volume concentrated its focus on the big three Beats – Kerouac, Ginsberg and William S Burroughs. I was at least familiar with the existence of these three figures and was at least somewhat acquainted with their work – in that I knew of it! The other figures mentioned in this volume were universally new to me – Neal Cassady, Gergory Corso, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Diane di Prima and Gary Snyder. Potted biographies of everyone listed certainly helped me know more about them and appreciate their impact on the Movement. 

Much like the Hippies, the Beats tended to be into everything – novels, poetry, music (especially Jazz), art and film. Despite there being only an estimated 150 published authors/poets amongst them the Beats managed to punch well above their cultural weight in part due to the backlash against their countercultural drive. The horror stories (often either made up or exaggerated – although sometimes not!) helped to cement their cool image with youths looking for something to rebel against. A fairly interesting look at an often-forgotten countercultural movement. Reasonable.  

Just Finished Reading: Authoritarianism – A Very Short Introduction by James Loxton (FP: 2024) [89pp] 

This certainly seemed to be a timely read – especially with the recent and long hoped for fall of Viktor Orban and the growing threat of authoritarian regimes across the world. Despite its somewhat disappointing length (although to be honest the average VSI book is around 120 pages) this was a very impressive look at the different types of authoritarianism, in the past and today, how they emerge, how they operate once up and running, how they die (and most do die), why some are far more durable than others and what their legacies are once thrown off. It was ALL very interesting especially, as we know, there is a push in some places to transition from more a democratic style to a more authoritarian one.  

Of course, authoritarianism does have its attractions to some – most especially those who struggle with being told NO by people they don’t respect (or indeed anyone). Naturally I suspect that such people have family histories that need looking at. One comment did make me smile/laugh when the author defined democracy – a system where parties loose elections. So, in a country where a party (even if they at least technically have an ‘opposition’) normally wins with 97% of the vote year after year after year, you’re probably NOT looking at a democracy – despite some of the trappings! 

Authoritarians HATE the possibility of legitimate opposition and usually go out of their way to eliminate them – up to and including prison or execution. Of course, pushing any opposition underground – as there’s no other way to oppose the regime and keep your liberty/life - is just sowing the seeds of overthrow or revolution (which all too often brings into existence a different type of authoritarian rule) which is why in some countries their politics cycles through regime after regime with, possible, brief periods of actual democracy. 

Drawing on examples across the world (I’m really looking forward to reading more about Portugal now) and from the last 100 years or so this was a great entry point to an important political philosophy of our time. Definitely recommended reading. 

Just Finished Reading: American Cultural History – A Very Short Introduction by Eric Avila (FP: 2018) [126pp] 

American culture has dominated the world throughout most of the 20th century and beyond with movies, music and other media being instantly recognisable in country after country despite cultural and language barriers. Part of the reason for such a wide appeal has been the cultural melting pot in the US itself aided by the original mix of cultures from England, Spain and France as well as local Native culture and the, no doubt unintentional, importation of African culture from the slave population. 

With the arrival of newspapers, the railroads and increased immigration the culture of America both exploded and diversified across the continent along with the waves of migration westwards supported by ideas of ‘Manifest Destiny’ and the idea of the Frontier. The following ‘Gilded Age’, fuelled in no small part by the philanthropy of Robber Barons resulted in some of the iconic architecture still standing today as well as the rise of advertising, magazine culture and lavish events such as World’s Fairs.  

The post-WW2 suburbanization of American culture produced Film Noir, TV and Disney. But it also produced The Twilight Zone and the House Committee on Un-American Activities and shopping malls – to say nothing of Motown music and Las Vegas gambling.  

Covering this and much else – I don’t intend to precis the entire (if short) book – this is a fast, high-level and broad brush look at American culture from its earliest days to the edge of the 21st century. For those paying attention I don’t think you’ll learn much new here. We’ve been drowning in American culture, from Coca-Cola to Hollywood blockbusters for generations now. But this does provide some structure to the outpouring and, as is often the case, a more than decent Bibliography to dig deeper into the subject if so desired. As both a long-time fan, and long-time critic, of American culture I shall be doing just that. More to come. Reasonable.        

Just Finished Reading: Crime Fiction – A Very Short Introduction by Richard Bradford (FP: 2015) [122pp] 

Science-Fiction was, and will remain, my first literary love, but Crime Fiction is probably a close second. As with SF one of the things I love about it is the variety – from Golden Age classics, to Hard-boiled American, to historical, translated and even as far-fetched as Vampire detectives and much else besides. Quite a lot of these variants – with the notable exception of vampires – are covered in this interesting slim volume. 

Starting with the origins of the genre – which turns out not to be either as obvious not as agreed upon as I first thought – we swiftly ended up discussing two of my favourite areas, Golden Age and Hard-boiled. I’m getting more familiar with Golden Age crime novels thanks to the British Library series I’m enjoying so much. Before that I’d been fixated on Agatha Christie novels almost exclusively. This section gave me some more authors to explore there. Naturally (as I’ve mentioned several times) I’m a HUGE fan of Noir/Hard-boiled US crime fiction and, again, the author gave me some pointers towards new (to me!) authors to try out.  

After that the author focused on the transition to more modern crime formats on both sides of the Atlantic and how the two dominant styles adapted to the new world, played off each other and morphed into the variety of the modern crime novel we know today. Part of this, of course, was the expansion – indeed explosion – of translated works from Europe and especially from Scandinavia – known as Nordic Noir. Interestingly the author was at a total loss to explain the sudden emerge of this particular sub-genre! 

Inevitably gender roles were brought up looking both at the history of female detectives and the role of women both as protagonists and victims through the decades. The female detective is something I’m going to be looking at later (fictionally and analytically), so it’ll be interesting applying some of his viewpoints to my reading. As of now I’m inclined not to agree with his PoV. 

Before topping out on the literary ‘value’ of crime fiction (personally I hate the idea that some fiction has ‘merit’ and the rest is mere entertainment for the masses and, by definition, of lessor or no ‘value’) the author discussed several crime adjacent genres particularly legal fiction, thrillers and the spy novel. 

Overall, this was an interesting, informative and valuable read. It highlighted a good selection of authors I can investigate and gave me some new perspectives on the genre. Well worth a read if you’re interested in the genre or are wondering where to start your criminal reading. Recommended and more literate based VSI books to come.

Just Finished Reading: Surveillance – A Very Short Introduction by David Lyon (FP: 2024) [127pp] 

Until very recently if a company wanted to spy on someone it would have to hire a private detective to physically keep an eye on them and follow them around to see what they did and who they met with. For governments around the world it was, of course, much easier using their much greater resources of police forces and the Secret Services, the reading of mail and the tapping of phonelines. But still it was both expensive and time consuming. If the object was a group of people the cost ballooned spectacularly. The idea of monitoring whole groups or, most ridiculously, the WHOLE population was a fantasy even within the most authoritarian governments. But then, as with much else, technology solved everything. Computers became powerful enough and sophisticated enough to monitor multiple phonelines simultaneously. Physical mail became electronic and MUCH easier to monitor. Websites logged exactly what people were doing and where they went next. Then came mobile phones and social media. Suddenly surveillance was everywhere and everyone began to feel that someone somewhere was keeping tabs on them – and they were right. 

Surveillance does certainly SEEM all pervasive these days, partially because it's at least partially true even in so-called free countries. CCTV cameras are ubiquitous and obvious (when you look for them) but they are not only ‘old tech’ but the very tip of the iceberg. Of course, the irony of today’s pervasive surveillance environment is that we do much of the work ourselves. Not only do we give copious amounts of personal data to companies for free – which they then sell on to others for a tidy profit – but many of us carry tracking devices (AKA our phones) around in our pockets and think nothing of it. On top of this we keep track of others – friends, celebrities – and even ourselves with fitness/health apps (which we then upload or share and the data is harvested and sold back to us). Our surveillance society didn’t just appear overnight and it wasn’t (mostly) imposed on us by evil others. WE built this and we choose to live here. 

Despite being rather dry and academic at times this was still an interesting and informative look at the surveillance world we have created in the last 30 years or so. I actually liked the fact that the author looked beyond the usual idea of governments spying on us (which they do of course) to show how companies (not just Facebook) do the same or more and especially how WE, that is everyone, is at least partially complicit in that surveillance. Although little here was a revelation, I think it did help me to partially reset or reframe some of my thinking on the subject. More to come on the subject and more VSI books too... 

Just Finished Reading: Global Economic History – A Very Short Introduction by Robert C Allen (FP: 2011) [147pp] 

Much like the movement of people, indeed the movement of whole peoples, trade including global trade has a very long history. The Roman Empire traded directly with India and, no doubt, other world empires had similar trading arrangements. But it was only in the 16th century that regular trade in quantity emerged as a factor in global history. With the search for a quicker and more profitable source of spice the Portuguese (to begin with) sought ways to bypass the expensive Spice Road and go directly to the source. Opening up trading posts along the way they began carving out the first global empire. Other European powers were not long behind with Spain, the Dutch, French and finally the British expanding their reach and the reach of global trade itself to every continent on Earth. Empires would rise and fall bolstered or destroyed by changes in global trading patterns. Items, such as pepper and sugar, which had once been affordable only by the rich dropped dramatically in price but still made their traders vast fortunes. Before long everything that could be traded was traded – from cotton to slaves, from tea to opium. A countries economy could be made or broken by the arrival of a fleet of ships off the coast. Some countries became the bread-baskets of faraway empires whilst others, willing and able to practice European style economics, became local powerhouses themselves. Global trade and global history became inseparable. 

As a useful foundation for a knowledge of global economic history this definitely lived up to the reputation of the Very Short Introduction series. Through my other readings I was already familiar with the highlights covered here but was particularly intrigued by the authors analysis of why some countries are rich and why others stay poor. Much of it seems to be timings with Europe getting ‘lucky’ by a combination of readily available resources – especially coal – and a culture that required rapid innovation to maintain profits in a high-wage economy. I think I grasped the basics of this idea but will see if I can follow up with some other readings. From what I understood it certainly made sense but then I do sometimes struggle getting my head around economic theory! 

If you’ve ever wondered about certain aspects of economic history – especially on a global scale – but didn’t know where to start reading about it, this is a pretty good choice to do so. Obviously covering 5-600 years in less that 150 pages means it's all very high level but it does give the flavour of things and points out areas of further study – helped, as always, by a decent bibliography. Recommended and more VSI books to come. 

Just Finished Reading: The American Revolution – A Very Short Introduction by Robert J Allison (FP: 2015) [112pp] 

I think, if memory serves (which sometimes it doesn’t), we very briefly covered the American War of Independence in school. Not that we went into any great detail, but we did (I think) mention it in passing. Since then, I’ve picked up the odd bit of information about it from various other books and the occasional YouTube video. So, I thought it was about time I delved a little deeper. Of course, this being a very short introduction I wasn’t expecting to go too deep or too detailed. Indeed, it did feel from time to time rather breezy... 

I knew that the rumblings of revolutionary feelings had been bubbling under for some time, what with taxes and various appointed officials of the British crown throwing their weight around. It wasn’t long before tea and bullets started to fly. What was clear from the start is that the whole thing was very chaotic with neither side really knowing what to do and what they wanted. History writing tends to impose a much cleaner narrative on events than the reality of things. In the mix we had patriots (aka revolutionaries) and loyalists amongst the American population – plus no doubt a majority who just wanted to keep their heads down – along with the British who were trying to maintain or impose order. We also had slaves who were being offered their freedom if they joined the British cause as well as native Americans who fought on both sides. Then we had German ‘mercenaries’ and French ‘volunteers’ fighting with the British and American forces respectively, oh and the Spanish in the south got mixed in there somewhere. It was quite a complex mess. 

I think my biggest surprise reading this pretty good summary was that the whole process took so long. The bubbling of tension took some years before the shooting started, but once it did and after the actual Declaration of Independence happened I though the war itself only dragged on for a year, 18 months tops... Nope. It was MUCH longer. I was aware that the logistics of fighting a protracted war on the other side of the Atlantic at that time was not exactly easy and that Britain just didn’t have the forces required to fight there and protect the growing Empire from its many enemies, but I failed to understand just how difficult it was to play whack-a-mole with George Washingtons army and the rest of the ‘upstart rebels’.  

Being the kind of person that I am, what I found most interesting was the number of times and number of incidents that, if they had happened a little different, might have changed everything. There are the very close-run things during various battles and military encounters. There was talk of General Washington being replaced by someone more ‘forceful’ which could have at least changed the ultimate name of the US capital. Mistakes were made (on both sides), messages lost or received too late, leaders doing their own thing sometimes against orders or ‘freely interpreting’ them in such a way that amounted to the same thing. In a hundred ways either the details or the outcome of the conflict might have been different – which is why I like reading History so much. 

The last part of the book, post conflict, certainly piqued my interest when the author discussed the messy birth of the US Constitution and all of the compromises and horse-trading (as well as VERY heated arguments) around its provisions. I think that’s a subject I need to delve into a bit further. The whole process seems to be very human, very flawed, very imperfect – no wonder so many amendments were needed in an attempt to tidy things up a bit! Although not earth-shattering in its analysis this was still an interesting overview of an important conflict and its aftermath. Reasonable.

Just Finished Reading: American Slavery – A Very Short Introduction by Heather Andrea Williams (FP: 2014) [118pp] 

It’s kind of odd, but makes sense after a few moments thought, that American slavery is older than America itself. Afterall, the colonies that eventually became America – and not just the British colonies on the Eastern seaboard – existed long before the subsequent battles for Independence, and those colonies, British, Dutch, Spanish and Portuguese had slaves. These enforced labourers where in addition to the ‘indentured servants’ who worked for around 7 years before been given land to work for themselves. These were, by and large, black Africans either imported directly from Africa or via places like Cuba who already had a thriving slave population. Some Native Americans were also enslaved initially but proved to be more trouble than they were worth and, in general, were shipped off to the Caribbean often in exchange for African slaves from there. Slaves were used to do every task imaginable, from domestic duties to forest clearance and growing of various crops – cash or otherwise. As the colonies grew and demand for workers bloomed, so did the slave trade to keep pace with demand. In some colonies the slave population made up a significant percentage of the total headcount which, as you might expect not only led to a certain amount of understandable anxiety on the slave owners' part but also led to further problems post-Independence. Where political power was concerned do slaves count towards a state's population – even though they cannot and probably never will, vote - and if they do count then just how much do they count?  

Of course, with the 20-20 vision that hindsight provides it's easy to see that Independence missed a huge opportunity to divest the new nation of its slave past. With the stated belief that ‘all men are created equal’ it might have seemed obvious that such a belief and the institution of slavery are mutually exclusive. The missing factor was, naturally, money. Slavery, and the free labour it produced massively favoured those in control of it. Although the idea of abolishing the practice was, briefly, muted it was very quickly dismissed as unworkable (and simple economic suicide). To ensure the ‘balance of power’ in Congress it was agreed that Slave & Free states would forever be in parity so no one side could impose its beliefs on the other. Initially working quite well, the process of adding new states caused ever greater friction between the two ideological/political positions. Something had to give, and it did with the birth of the Confederate States and the Civil War that followed. With the end of that bloody conflict slavery ended too, but the echoes of that institution are still felt to this day and America is still dealing with the fallout. It will be dealing with this for some generations to come. 

I think I had a fair impression of the highlights of this well-written slim volume, but I still found much to add to my knowledge of the subject. I was most intrigued by the missed opportunity – if they’d only had the courage and power to do so – of getting rid of slavery as America became a fully independent nation which would have been one of the crowning achievements of that country's foundation. But it was not to be, much to the disappointment of some at the time and the many in the century ahead. If you’re looking for a high-level and brief overview of American slavery – along with the usual extensive bibliography – this is the book for you. Recommended.

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Just Finished Reading: American Immigration – A Very Short Introduction (2nd Edition) by David A Gerber (FP: 2021) [136pp] 

It is hardly controversial to say that America is built on immigration. Every man, woman and child presently living there either came from somewhere else or had ancestors who did so. For all of its more recent history, at least since its ‘discovery’ in the late-15th century, immigrants from all over the world have flocked to its shores. For a good part of this time, they were welcomed with open arms – or at least without any great restrictions. The ‘New World’ needed strong backs and productive people to populate and dominate the seemingly endless Frontier. Only in the 19th century did the government start restricting who could, and more importantly who could not, enter the USA to stay. Rather inevitably, the early bans were based on race and the colour of skin with restrictions on Chinese immigrants in California – those same immigrants who had assisted with the building of the trans-continental railway. Rather oddly after the Mexican War had added vast amounts of territory in the south and west the local Mexican population were classified as ‘white’, whilst on the east coast the seemingly endless wave of Irish immigrants were classified as ‘black’. Colour, it seemed, was more political than actual. 

For well over a century argument about immigration and immigration control into the USA have become more fractious and more polarising than ever. Quotas from non-European countries – and particularly non-northern European – have waxed and waned over the decades. Debate on the status of Jewish refugees from Russian pogroms and Nazi extermination still cast a shadow over present debates. Children of immigrants decry policies they see as too lenient on those who want the same as their ancestors, debates over pathways to citizenship and ‘illegal’ aliens erupt in government and in the media. The issue is, depending on their position, requires a simple solution or a national debate on what it means to be American. The only thing that’s certain is that the arguments around the issue are not going away any time soon. 

I learnt a lot from this short but detailed look at American Immigration. In many ways it’s a complicated and divisive subject. It has philosophical and political depth and isn’t a subject that can be easily dismissed with either a handwave or the stroke of a pen. At heart it's about identity. It’s about who you are and who THEY are. It’s also a question as old as time – or at least as old as the idea of nationhood – and is unlikely to go away as long as the nation-state exists. Informative as always and definitely recommended to anyone who has wondered where to start reading up on the subject.   

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Just Finished Reading: The Great Depression & The New Deal – A Very Short Introduction by Eric Rauchway (FP: 2008) [131pp] 

The Great Crash of 1929 led directly to the Great Depression of the 1930’s - right? It might certainly seem that way but the direct cause and effect of both events is far trickier. There had been crashes before, sure not as bad or as deep or lasting so long as the one in ‘29 but they had happened and, after a short sharp recession, the economy had recovered. The thinking at the time, the prevailing idea of laissez-faire, suggested that if left alone the stock market as well as the larger economy would ‘self-correct’ in time. So, time was given then more time and then some more time. Instead of any self-correction things instead grew steadily worse. Pronouncements from politicians and industry leaders followed stating publicly that everything was fine and that people really should spend money. Meetings were held (again very publicly) between government and industry to show that they were ‘doing something’. Eventually, the Hoover administration decided that they really had to do something but it was too little and too late – their thunder’ had already been stolen by the Democratic candidate for President who promised a New Deal if elected: Franklin D Roosevelt. The problem was, even FDR had no clear idea what could be done, if anything, to bring the country back. 

Looking back with a ‘big picture’ lens it's easy to see the New Deal program as a coherent and coordinated response to the Great Depression. At the time it was nothing of the sort. FDR and his administration knew (as did most people) that ‘something’ needed to be done but there was only so much that could be done as well as only so much that would be allowed to be done. Despite the condition of the US, and the world, economy the idea of direct government intervention was still anathema to many. Even those most effected on the ground were loath to take charity or government handouts even if they desperately needed them. Yet still, something had to be done. The first order of business was to shore up the financial sector and restore confidence in the banks. Then there were incentives for business to invest and grow. Some things seemed to work and were expanded, others seemed not to work and were dropped. The Federal government extended aid and guarantees to the States for plans already drawn up and awaiting funds. States were encouraged to plan more projects and businesses were asked, encouraged and sometimes bullied into keeping their workers in employment even at shorter hours or reduced pay. Although things improved slightly, or stopped being so bad for so many, it still wasn’t enough. Nowhere near enough. The government would, it seemed, need to get its hands dirty. Over the coming years the Federal government started funding projects directly – to build roads, schools, dams and much else. It increased Social Security and began to directly influence business decisions. It was heavily criticised for inaugurating Socialism in America (whilst being nothing of the sort of course) but things did improve and keep on improving. But did the New Deal work? Did it end the Great Depression. The clear answer is No. Although things were improving as the 1930’s began to draw to a close it was the war in Europe which boosted job numbers and then the massive increase in defence spending prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor that pulled the economy out of Depression and laid the foundation for American financial dominance for the rest of the 20th century and beyond. 

I thought this was a useful follow up to my previous read on the Wall Street Crash and rounded off the subject nicely. Obviously in a mere 130 pages the author couldn’t do full justice to either the Depression nor the response to it – in America never mind the rest of the world – but he did manage to hit the highlights and, as always, provide a full bibliography for further reading. I’ll see if I can follow this up (at some point) with some of the different responses to the Depression in the UK, France and other places around the world. A very good (as these very often are) introduction to an interesting and important topic especially after the Crash of 2008. Recommended. 

Just Finished Reading: The Blues – A Very Short Introduction by Elijah Wald (FP: 2010) [123pp] 

I’ve always been the kind of person who can enjoy something without know very much about it. I’m certainly not one to ‘fan boy’ on artists, authors or musicians so generally would have no idea who they were if I met them in the street (highly unlikely I know). I only know who actors are – but precious little about their off-screen lives – because I see them in front of me when I watch their movies. Likewise, I know very little about artistic styles, and not much more about literary genres. Mostly I don’t think it’s all that important and that, again mostly, it’s the entertainment value I’m looking for rather that a biography (unless I’m READING a biography). 

So it is with the Blues. I probably developed a liking for it by watching classic Noir films or films from the 40’s in general. Blues and Jazz seemed to be everywhere back then – in films anyway. I started buying Blues CDs over a decade ago and have collected quite a few since then. Most are compilations of various artists from various eras but I do have a few single artist CDs too. But if you asked me which Blues singer/writer influenced who, or which particular ‘school’ of Blues each artist came from, or even which part of American they came from I’d honestly have zero idea. Well, I do now! 

Reading about music is, to be honest, a bit strange (at least for me). What would’ve been great is examples of the music the author was talking about being accessible whilst reading (something for the future no doubt). But despite this I did find this slim volume very interesting. I knew some of the origins of the Blues – in African American slave chants and ‘field hollers’ plus street/bar performances but it was intriguing to see who both white and black performing artists took the music mainstream through both song sheets and early recordings. It’s also interesting how very similar songs were classified for their audiences depending on the race of the singer. Recordings and song sheets also solidified what was, until that point, a very fluid sound but it also allowed other artists to re-interpret songs and evolve new styles. What was also interesting was the intersections between Blues, Jazz and Country music. At first, I was rather sceptical about the last associated style but the author managed to convince me otherwise.  

Overall, although not exactly ‘gripped’ by this book – partially because it’s a little bit outside of my ‘comfort’ zone – I did find it informative and I’ll definitely be listening more closely to both my Blues and Jazz recordings more closely in future (and reading some of the inserts which I rarely do). If, like me, you’re a Blues fan without knowing all that much about the history of the style itself this is definitely the book for you. More music related books to come.  

Just Finished Reading: North American Indians – A Very Short Introduction by Theda Perdue and Michael D Green (FP: 2010) [130pp] 

As with some of the previous VSI books I’ve been reading recently, this starts American history LONG before Columbus or Plymouth Rock. The millions of indigenous peoples ‘discovered’ by Europeans in the New World had crossed over the now submerged land-bridge across the Bering Strait millennia before Columbus misinterpreted his landing zone as the ‘Indies’ although the name he gave to the local inhabitants stuck through the centuries (obviously the local tribes did not see themselves as or call themselves ‘Indians’). Being scattered across North America in a vast array of different environments with different cultures, different languages and different histories the thousands of tribes were a very diverse bunch. Some farmed, some fished, some hunted bison. Some were hierarchical patriarchies or matriarchies; others were split between male hunters and female gatherers where the female was venerated as the ultimate life giver. So, when the Europeans arrived the resulting first contacts were equally varied in their response. 

Some tribes initially welcomed the newcomers and attempted to integrate them into the existing cross-tribal structure of trade and mutual co-operation. Others quickly took offence at the Europeans crude ways and conflicts ensued. Other tribes simply ignored the feeble immigrants thinking they would either starve or leave. No response worked well, at least from the native populations point of view. Over time, at least except from the few colonies that failed spectacularly, more and still more colonists arrived and proceed to cut down trees, plant crops and expand ever outwards into ‘virgin’ land. Initial co-operation with the local Indian tribes fractured despite treaties and payments. Diseases brought across the Atlantic spread amongst the natives and, weakened greatly, they could no longer resist the seemingly unstoppable expansion into the interior. 

The story of the (almost) collapse of Native Americans post-colonisation is a well-known one and one that is repeated here. What makes it interesting is the attention to detail (impressive in such a short book) as well as the emphasis on the fact that the European invaders did not always get their way – despite their often technological and epidemiological advantages. From the very start, Native Americans used the skills they had – simple savages they were most definitely not – to gain what they could in the face of things few of them could have imagined even years before first contact. Deals were made that actually benefited both sides, battles were fought where the Indians won and won handily. But, as we know, it wasn’t enough to stem the tide. The resultant, often precipitous, decline in Native American fortunes is again well know and wasn’t really stemmed until the 1960’s.  

Told with a deep knowledge and deep understanding of the subject this is an interesting look at how the natives of a land, indeed a whole continent, responded (and still respond) to the cataclysm of European expansionism. It’s often a tragic story but one worth knowing. Recommended and more to come on this subject.    

Just Finished Reading: Colonial America – A Very Short Introduction by Alan Taylor (FP: 2013) [123pp] 

Countries, it seems, are born in much the same way as most things – during a time of prolonged suffering, pain and a fair amount of blood. America is no exception to this rule. Far from being an empty and virgin land when Columbus ‘discovered’ the West Indies, the Americas – both North and South – had long been populated by diverse cultures who had crossed the Bering Straits land bridge during the last Ice Age and have been estimated to be in the multiple millions when the Spanish arrived. With talk of ‘golden cities’ to the south other Spaniards soon followed looking to make their fortunes and, with the aid of primitive firearms as well as the far more devastating diseases especially smallpox, spread death and destruction wherever they went. Not to outdone – at least not for long – other European nations, notably the French, British and Dutch set about developing colonies and trading posts further north trading in furs and other easily transportable goods. Here, as in the south, disease and conflict eased the path to European domination. Eventually, after many decades, two nations were left standing – Spain in the South and Britain in the North. 

Colonisation of the ‘New World’ was far from easy and far from a done thing. Early settlements failed for numerous reasons. Empires fought each other on American soil – all sides using the local populations as auxiliaries and mercenaries in their wars - for eventual domination and the right to exploit the rich resources found there. Predictably, the natives did not fare well not matter whose side they chose in the conflicts. When they were necessary, they were used. When they were no longer required, they were either abandoned, ‘relocated’ or eliminated in a number of ways. The natives, as they found to their cost, were simply ‘in the way’ of the ever-Westward expansion. Apart from the exploitation and expulsion of native peoples the other foundation of both South and North America from the very earliest days was slavery. Columbus himself arranged for the enslavement if the island natives in the West Indies whose eventual demise led to the importation of African slaves to fill the shortfall in natural replacement. Some of the Northern territories depended on their very existence on the slave economy to produce the valuable cash crops, such as tobacco and rice (required to feed slaves in the West Indies). Overall, except for a very few, the birth pains of both America’s were neither short nor mild. 

This filled in quite a few gaps in my knowledge of early American history. I knew something of the early colonial efforts in the North as well as the Spanish depredations in the South but it was interesting to see how early trading with Native Americans led, eventually, to war between Britain and France and how this conflict shaped the futures of both what became the United States and Canada. Likewise, it was interesting to see the gradual moves of the original British colonies towards independence (more of which later). It was also interesting to get some general context for some of my family history. I was surprised when I started digging into my families past that I had a number of ancestors who had migrated to America in previous centuries. One relative died in Richmond, Georgia in 1784, while another died in Isle of Wight County, Virginia in 1720. Even further back my ancestors were dying in Charles City, Virginia in 1653 and Boston in 1652 presumably as refugees from the English Civil Wars. An interesting and informative read on many levels. Recommended and, as always, more to come. 

Just Finished Reading: American History – A Very Short Introduction by Paul S Boyer (FP: 2012) [142pp] 

It’s been around 2 years since I read my last VSI book and I’ve been missing them. I had been planning to schedule some of them in – having acquired a small number of US related volumes – but there never seemed to be a good time, until now. Due to reading a few longer (and one or two much slower) books I found myself in a position where I was at risk of having nothing to review – at least not twice a week! So, a handful of shorter books seemed the ideal way of boosting my review pile above the Danger zone. 

Now, of course, there’s no way to do justice to any country's history in 140 pages and the author freely admits this. The plan (executed very well I might add) was to hit the highlights and, as always with these slim volumes, provide an excellent bibliography to allow the reader to dip as deeply as they wanted into the topics covered by the required broad-brush approach. Interestingly (and rather gratifyingly), the author did not start with Columbus ‘discovering’ the New World but with the initial colonisation by humans over the Berring Straight land bridge. We then essentially fast forwarded to 1763 in the first chapter and the Revolutionary Period in the second. I think this, as well as the next chapter which covered up to 1850 were the most interesting for me as this is the period of American history, I know least about. Plus, I know I had a few ancestors there at the time in both the 17th and 18th centuries, so the added context was nice. 

Anyone even generally familiar with US history will be more than aware of the topics covered in the sections on the Civil War and its aftermath as well as the move to increasing industrialisation as we entered the 20th century. Again, there should be few surprises to most readers as we follow the growing pains of what was essentially a new Global player as America moved from World War to World War, ending World War 2 as (briefly) the world’s only nuclear super power. Concentrating on the Cold War and Civil unrest brings things up to 1968 and then in the last chapter we leap to the present day of 2012 and the election of America’s first Black President. 

With the global power of American culture, most especially in cinema and TV, it’s difficult (if not actually impossible) to NOT be familiar to a large extent with the highlights of US history. For me at least I didn’t learn a great deal from this book. I’m certainly more aware of America’s very earliest years now and I’m also more aware that the myth of America is very different from its history yet that wasn’t exactly a revelation! Overall, as with the vast majority of this excellent series of books, this was a solid introduction to a much bigger subject. It gives you a ground floor foundation of knowledge on which to build if you choose to do so. MUCH more to come.  

 Just Finished Reading: Public Health – A Very Short Introduction by Virginia Berridge (FP: 2016)

 

…and finally – one further step up to Public Health. Public Health has meant many things to many people over the centuries – from sanitation to vaccination to sexual health to life-style choices to improving things like diet and combatting smoking (and illegal drug use). But the health of the general population hasn’t always been the focus of the State or other institutions either private or philanthropic. Before the Industrial Revolution (and into the beginnings of that particular cultural and economic upheaval) the general health was considered as either irrelevant or simply too complex and expensive. Only with the coming of the factory and the consequent crowding together of thousands of poorly fed and poorly served workers did the idea of Public Health even enter the minds of people who could do something about it. With plague a thing of the past the urban populations had to deal with things like Cholera and Typhoid instead (to say nothing of Smallpox and Measles) which could spread to the more wealthy areas and their inhabitants. Such efforts to combat disease and improve the general health were not completely selfish (or humanitarian) and improve they did – first with improvements in sanitation, housing codes, reductions in working hours, improvements in food distribution. Not all of this was the concern of Public Health officials but, over time, they had more and more influence and more and more power to make improvements, suggestions and policy recommendations. As other countries followed suite (the main focus of most of this slim volume was on the UK experience with minor forays into the European and American experience) the remit changed, expanded and mutated as earlier problems were solved, new problems arose (like HIV/AIDS) and definitions of Public Health changed or expanded. After 1945 Public Health developed a more global perspective led by organisations like the WHO who, somewhat naively, expected to eliminate the great global killers like Malaria by the end of the 1970’s. Only Smallpox fell to the WHO programme and since then more realistic approaches and aspirations have taken the place of total elimination. Where Public Health goes in the future depends, as does much else, on the will to do things for the general wellbeing of all.

This was the last book in the VSI Pandemic book blitz. Whilst it wasn’t as interesting as some of the others it did offer another perspective on health issues and the importance – as we all now realise – of Public Health organisations and mind-sets in fighting, controlling or simply mitigating health issues that apply to everyone (like Pandemics!). Not surprisingly countries with robust Public Health policies and practices generally do better in any health crisis than countries who do not. Public Health is important and should be, at least in my opinion, a central part of any advanced society. A State should seek to look after its citizens in the best way that it can for a whole host of reasons. An adequately funded and resourced Public Health system is a very good place to start. Reasonable.

We’re now back to normal for a while until the mood takes me into another Blitz read. I already have the next one lined up and two more after that in the pipeline. But I’ll be moving away from science based VSI for a while if only to rest my brain for a bit.         

 Just Finished Reading: Epidemiology – A Very Short Introduction by Rodolfo Saracci (FP: 2010)

 

After the previous book on Pandemics I thought it would be good to look at the human response to epidemics and disease in general. This was indeed a very good complimentary read to the previous two books. Over just 126 pages the author looks at the science of disease control starting with the actual measurement of health and disease. After all if you can’t accurately measure something there’s no way to know if anything you’re doing to combat it is having any effect. Measurements give you data to work with which should allow you to zero in on the vectors that gave rise to the disease in the first place – they might show you were the first cases arose or they might show disease clusters or even the fabled patient zero themselves! Once the data has been collected and analysed it should give an idea of the cause of the disease (contaminated drinking water for instance) and allow treatment – or at the very least isolation of the affected area or population. Follow up data can also show the effects of any procedure undertaken to combat or mitigate the effects of the disease – such as handwashing after assisting in childbirth before moving onto the next patient (a process hotly debated before becoming common practice).

All of the above allows the tracking of disease within a population over time and, even without an effective cure, increases the possibility of controlling the spread and reducing any potential negative effects. Even without knowing much about the actual disease organism – bacteria, virus, parasite, fungus – epidemiological study can still highly inform effect procedures to combat its effects. Detailed analysis of the disease itself can come later (hopefully) and will undoubtedly help in devising better protective protocols but a good level of epidemiological data crunching can take you a long way even before you know what you’re fighting.

As I said earlier this was a nice complimentary volume to the previous pair and takes discussion of infectious diseases and pandemics to the next (higher) level and I’d recommend reading all three books as a set. Only one more in this particular ‘blitz’ to go just taking it one more level up in scale. Then we’ll get back to normal programming – or at least as ‘normal’ as it gets around here.    

 Just Finished Reading: Pandemics – A Very Short Introduction by Christian W McMillen (FP: 2016)

Following the trajectory of my previous VSI blitz books we arrive at Pandemics. Rather inevitably it is pretty much THE topic at the moment so it’s been difficult avoiding mention of both the science of pandemics (and infectious disease in general) and their historical impact on humanity. Although not a history book per se this slim volume can’t help but present various pandemics in their historical context starting with Plague – the Black Death is always a good place to start with this sort of thing – before moving onto the big names of Smallpox, Malaria, Cholera, TB, Influenza and HIV/AIDS. This, of course, nicely built upon the topics covered in the previous VSI book on Infectious Disease (not planned that way but a very happy coincidence).

As with the previous books I learnt a great deal about how countries coped (or not) with various pandemics over the centuries and tried various methods to control or at least mitigate the effects of diseases they often did not understand in the least. Without either an adequate understanding of the mechanics of disease or any effective way of combating it even if they did states where forced to use other methods such as quarantine (from quarantena, meaning "forty days", used in 14th–15th-century Venetian and designating the period that all ships were required to be isolated before passengers and crew could go ashore during the Black Death), setting up additional hospitals and local medical boards to decide on any actions proposed to control disease spread such as disposal of refuse, burial of the dead in mass graves and the feeding of those isolated and (potentially at least) infected. Indeed some have proposed that the very existence of secular government structures and intervention of the public into the private sphere might be based on the states interventions required by pandemic control.

As a mere 121 pages this is an ideal little book to place the present pandemic into historical context (interestingly many of the fake news stories surrounding Covid-19 where also in circulation during the much more deadly 1918-19 Spanish Flu pandemic) and show how some of the very same measures (and slogans!) in place today have been used throughout our long and deadly history with pandemic disease. Highly recommended.       

Just Finished Reading: Infectious Disease – A Very Short Introduction by Marta L Wayne & Benjamin N Bolker (FP: 2015)

 

Continuing my latest (Pandemic Edition) book blitz this slim volume delved into what the previous book on the Immune System needs to deal with – infections & bugs. Or at least viruses and bacteria which have fought a very long war to propagate themselves at the expense of their hosts (quite often us or the animals and plants we use to survive).

Naturally anyone who has been paying attention to the news this year has picked up a fair bit of medical jargon about transmission rates and R numbers – I know I have. If you’ve struggled to understand exactly what that all means then struggle no more! This book makes such things easy to understand by the use of filters – encounter and compatibility – that help describe the dynamics of epidemics as well as the important distinctions of virulence, resistance and tolerance.

Moving on to case studies the book covers the main ones we’ve all heard about – influenza, HIV, Cholera and Malaria as well as one I’d never heard of which was a fungus in amphibians which has only recently emerged onto the world stage (called Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis if you must know!). Each disease in turn is covered with respect to origin, history and what it does to bypass any filters which exist to prevent its spread and each, apart from the amphibian fungus, is looked at for its impact on humanity. All very interesting stuff. Finally the authors look ahead – from 2015 that is – at the emerging and re-emerging diseases that are all too clearly on the horizon with anti-bacterial resistance and the double whammy of habitat destruction and ongoing climate change. Despite the hopes of scientists in the 1970’s we are not going to be disease free for the foreseeable future and should prepare for the inevitable. If nothing else the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic has taught us that we were very clearly not prepared for a global pandemic. Luckily for us the overall lethality of this admittedly highly infectious disease has been thankfully quite low in absolute terms. A clearer warning shot cannot, I think, have been heard around the world. Looking back over history we have seen clearly what infectious disease can do to individuals, families and whole civilisations. We very much need to learn from these horrid experiences and up our game. Definitely a must read for anyone interested in current and, no doubt at all, future events. Recommended.        

Just Finished Reading: The Immune System – A Very Short Introduction by Paul Klenerman (FP: 2017)

 

I’ve been meaning to do something like this for a while now – a VSI Book Blitz on Pandemics. The plan was to start small and personal and then expand outwards. So the Immune System seemed the ideal place to start out from. Now I haven’t formally studied anything Biological for a LONG time (around 40 years I’d say) so I’m definitely a bit rusty and frankly out of touch with present understanding of such things which is one of the reasons for playing catch-up. So I wasn’t totally surprised to find that around the first quarter of the book was a tad above my pay-grade knowledge wise! But I did think that the reading level of the book throughout – when it either dropped to my level of understanding or moved into areas I was more familiar with (in other words away from bio-chemistry!) – was above the general reader level. More than once I did think it was aimed more at GP’s or trainee doctors who just needed an appreciation of the subject or maybe a quick refresher course.

Despite all that I did find myself learning quite a bit here from how exactly the Immune System worked – recognising self from non-self for instance as well as how it developed a ‘memory’ for previous infections and then how it fails by either under or over performing its tasks. All very interesting and it did give me a very good base from which to move forward with my next VSI Pandemic reading. If you’re coming from a point of only a vague appreciation of human biology this might be a rather daunting read. If you’re made of sterner stuff or have a few years of college education in biology under your belt (but are somewhat out of touch with things) this will definitely bring you up to date. An interesting read if rather a challenging one!

Just Finished Reading: Film Noir – A Very Short Introduction by James Naremore (FP: 2019)

Of course it was the French who started it all. Well, at least they named it. With the end of WW2 American movies flooded into once occupied Europe wowing audiences across the continent. The French, always eager to true something new, something stylish, something ‘Avant guard’ lapped up the dark brooding crime films they began calling Film Noir. As with many of these movements the now classic examples of the genre were not so classified at the time they were being made. Only much later, when the Noir style was recognised for what it was, were films seen as ‘Noir-ish’ from their inception.

But even though a Noir film could be recognised and called so the definitions of what exactly made up the genre where fluid – especially at the edges. Most film critics agreed on much of the core cannon of films but there was much disagreement regarding films that had some elements of Noir but not others. Sometimes it was as simple as asking if a Noir film should necessarily be in Black and White? The golden age of Noir, according to received wisdom, ended with the advent of colour. Then there were the genre crossovers or boundary films. Could you have a Noir Western? Are films like Bladerunner a Noir film or is it a homage or pastiche of Noir sensibilities grafted onto a Sci-Fi motif. Unfortunately these and many other similar questions cannot be definitely laid to rest.

Noir itself was an outgrowth of multiple paths: there was the hardboiled detective novels of the 1920’s, 30’s and 40’s the authors of which gravitated to Hollywood to boost their limited incomes and who gave the movies they worked on (not necessarily an adaptation of their own work) a certain cache, then there was the flight of directors and cinematographers fleeing from Nazi Germany and bringing with them the Avant-guard and Surrealist film making techniques that made the products so intriguing to watch in post-war French movie houses.

Of course the Noir sensibility didn’t end with the beginning of colour nor with the advances in lighting techniques (especially outside the studio and at night). Noir is, first and foremost, a way of seeing the world – both from inside the characters head and from outside via the audience. Noir is certainly a style but it is more than that. It is an attitude, a philosophical stand, a mind-set. That is why, decades after the sheen of the golden age has faded, Noir films are still being made and are still being discussed in critical circles. Just like the Night and the City (to say nothing of the eternal Femme Fatal) Noir will always be with us.

This was a delightful little book aimed directly at one of my all-time favourite things – Film Noir. I’m not entirely sure why I like this movie genre so much but I most definitely do. Even bad Noir (and Noir has more than its fair share of bad examples) has flashes of dark brilliance. The best of the genre continues to blow me away after multiple viewings. It either says much about the human condition or much about how I see the world. Whatever the truth of it Noir is probably my second movie love – with only SF holding it away from the top slot. Of course the rare combination of the two just sends me….. Long live Noir. Definitely recommended for all Noir fans, both casual and dedicated.